Difference between revisions of "Identity"
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The Road to Serfdom<ref>Friedrich Hayek, ''The Road to Serfdom.'' (1944) Routledge Press</ref> is a book written between 1940 and 1943 by Austrian British economist and philosopher Friedrich Hayek, in which the author warns "of the danger of tyranny that inevitably results from government control of economic decision-making through central planning."[1] He further argues that the abandonment of individualism and classical liberalism inevitably leads to a loss of freedom, the creation of an oppressive society, the tyranny of a dictator, and the serfdom of the individual. Hayek challenged the general view among British academics that fascism (including National Socialism) was a capitalist reaction against socialism. He argued that fascism, National Socialism and socialism had common roots in central economic planning and empowering the state over the individual. | The Road to Serfdom<ref>Friedrich Hayek, ''The Road to Serfdom.'' (1944) Routledge Press</ref> is a book written between 1940 and 1943 by Austrian British economist and philosopher Friedrich Hayek, in which the author warns "of the danger of tyranny that inevitably results from government control of economic decision-making through central planning."[1] He further argues that the abandonment of individualism and classical liberalism inevitably leads to a loss of freedom, the creation of an oppressive society, the tyranny of a dictator, and the serfdom of the individual. Hayek challenged the general view among British academics that fascism (including National Socialism) was a capitalist reaction against socialism. He argued that fascism, National Socialism and socialism had common roots in central economic planning and empowering the state over the individual. | ||
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The Road to Serfdom was to be the popular edition of the second volume of Hayek's treatise entitled "The Abuse and Decline of Reason",[4] and the title was inspired by the writings of the 19th century French classical liberal thinker Alexis de Tocqueville on the "road to servitude".[5] The book was first published in Britain by Routledge in March 1944, during World War II, and was quite popular, leading Hayek to call it "that unobtainable book", also due in part to wartime paper rationing.[6] It was published in the United States by the University of Chicago Press in September 1944 and achieved great popularity. At the arrangement of editor Max Eastman, the American magazine Reader's Digest published an abridged version in April 1945, enabling The Road to Serfdom to reach a wider popular audience beyond academics. | The Road to Serfdom was to be the popular edition of the second volume of Hayek's treatise entitled "The Abuse and Decline of Reason",[4] and the title was inspired by the writings of the 19th century French classical liberal thinker Alexis de Tocqueville on the "road to servitude".[5] The book was first published in Britain by Routledge in March 1944, during World War II, and was quite popular, leading Hayek to call it "that unobtainable book", also due in part to wartime paper rationing.[6] It was published in the United States by the University of Chicago Press in September 1944 and achieved great popularity. At the arrangement of editor Max Eastman, the American magazine Reader's Digest published an abridged version in April 1945, enabling The Road to Serfdom to reach a wider popular audience beyond academics. | ||
Revision as of 19:44, 27 August 2018
Contents
Full Title or Meme
Identity is a real world concept that allows us to associate attributes (specifically Trust) to entities, individual or corporate. It is not definable in sufficient specificity to be of any value in definitions of digital concepts.
Context
Identity in the real world is modeled in the digital world by these four elements (all of which are able to be fully defined):
- Identifiers or names that are assigned to a continuing presence in the digital world,
- Attributes that are asserted for the entity and may be validated for greater trust,
- Behaviors that are recorded about the entity over time,
- Inferences that are determined by some intelligent evaluation of the above elements (this has the danger of becoming stereotypes).
To be of value in the digital world it is necessary to assure that an identifier continues to apply to the same real-world entity, even though that entity may change any of the other above elements over time. In this definition the real-world legal name is just an attribute as there are cases where it legitimately changes.
Problems
It has become too difficult to create any kind of computerized representation of a user to satisfy all the of requirements for identification and privacy of user information.
Identity can become Toxic
Most of the effort in Identity Management has focused on individual Users or Enterprises. The other part of Identity involves Identifiers for groups of individuals. As reported in Appiah's book[1] we learn that people tend to identify with others that share some set of Attributes, whether that is bridge players or white men. As that happens humanity's nemesis, tribalism, starts to rise between the people in "our tribe" and "the others". This tribalism is increasing becoming a nemesis of the internet as well. Since any Enterprise that collects Attributes about an Entity on the internet will have strong incentive to segregate those into groups with the same set of Attributes, the danger arises of the creation of stereotypes that can foster tribalism.
Demand for Recognition
From the other direction, the [User] can demand recognition as belonging to some Identity group in order to qualify for some preferential treatment. According to Fukuyama, populist nationalism, said to be rooted in economic motivation, actually springs from the demand for recognition and therefore cannot simply be satisfied by economic means. The demand for identity cannot be transcended; we must begin to shape identity in a way that supports rather than undermines democracy.[2] Until we forge a universal understanding of human dignity, we will doom ourselves to continuing conflict.
The Road to Serfdom
The Road to Serfdom[3] is a book written between 1940 and 1943 by Austrian British economist and philosopher Friedrich Hayek, in which the author warns "of the danger of tyranny that inevitably results from government control of economic decision-making through central planning."[1] He further argues that the abandonment of individualism and classical liberalism inevitably leads to a loss of freedom, the creation of an oppressive society, the tyranny of a dictator, and the serfdom of the individual. Hayek challenged the general view among British academics that fascism (including National Socialism) was a capitalist reaction against socialism. He argued that fascism, National Socialism and socialism had common roots in central economic planning and empowering the state over the individual.
The Road to Serfdom was to be the popular edition of the second volume of Hayek's treatise entitled "The Abuse and Decline of Reason",[4] and the title was inspired by the writings of the 19th century French classical liberal thinker Alexis de Tocqueville on the "road to servitude".[5] The book was first published in Britain by Routledge in March 1944, during World War II, and was quite popular, leading Hayek to call it "that unobtainable book", also due in part to wartime paper rationing.[6] It was published in the United States by the University of Chicago Press in September 1944 and achieved great popularity. At the arrangement of editor Max Eastman, the American magazine Reader's Digest published an abridged version in April 1945, enabling The Road to Serfdom to reach a wider popular audience beyond academics.
Solution
- Abandon the use of the term Identity in any taxonomy used in computer networking.
- The term can continue to be used in any ontology that does not need a high level of specificity.
- Find some constructive way to represent human Identity that is both:
- cognizant of the human desire for privacy, and
- cognizant of the human desire for recognition as fully a part of human society.
References
- ↑ Kwame Anthony Appiah, The Lies That Bind: Rethinking Identity (2018) ISBN 978-1631493836
- ↑ Francis Fukuyama, Identity: The Demand for Dignity and the Politics of Resentment. (2018) ISBN 978-0374129293
- ↑ Friedrich Hayek, The Road to Serfdom. (1944) Routledge Press
